If you do not boot the router in packages. Reload the hardware module subslot to boot the module with the new firmware. Expands the platform software package to super package. Boots the super package by specifying the path and name of the provisioning file: packages. Copies the NIM firmware subpackage into bootflash:mydir. Reloads the hardware module subslot and boots the module with the new firmware.
Displays the version of the newly installed firmware. The following example shows how to perform firmware upgrade in a router module:. Skip to content Skip to search Skip to footer. Book Contents Book Contents. Find Matches in This Book. PDF - Complete Book 5. Updated: March 2, Chapter: Installing the Software. These are the two main methods to install the software: Managing and Configuring a Router to Run Using a Consolidated Package —This method allows for individual upgrade of subpackages and generally has reduced boot times compared to the method below.
Rommon Compatibility Matrix The following table provides information about Cisco Series Integrated Services Routers supported in each rommon release. Table 1. Note The rommon release Table 2. Table 3. Note An exception to this is that if a new or upgraded module firmware package is subsequently installed, it need not be in the same directory as the provisioning file.
File Systems The following table provides a list of file systems that can be seen on the Cisco series routers. Table 4. Autogenerated File Directories and Files This section discusses the autogenerated files and directories that can be created, and how the files in these directories can be managed.
Table 5. Autogenerated Files File or Directory Description crashinfo files Crashinfo files may appear in the bootflash: file system. Important Notes About Autogenerated Directories Important information about autogenerated directories include: Autogenerated files on the bootflash: directory should not be deleted, renamed, moved, or altered in any way unless directed by Cisco customer support. Note Altering autogenerating files on the bootflash: may have unpredictable consequences for system performance.
Flash Storage Subpackages are installed to local media storage, such as flash. Note Flash storage is required for successful operation of a router.
Configuring the Configuration Register for Autoboot The configuration register can be used to change router behavior. Set the configuration register to 0x0 to boot into ROM, by using one of the following commands: In Cisco IOS configuration mode, use the config-reg 0x0 command. Note The console baud rate is set to after changing the confreg to 0x or 0x0.
Consolidated Packages One of the following two consolidated packages images is preinstalled on the router: universalk9 —Contains the ipbasek9 base package and the securityk9 , uck9 , and appxk9 technology packages. Note The term npe stands for No Payload Encryption. Note The terms super package and image also refer to a consolidated package.
The following examples show how to obtain software authenticity information and internal details of a package: Displaying Digitally Signed Cisco Software Signature Information section Obtaining the Description of a Module or Consolidated Package section Many features within the consolidated package are contained in the ipbasek9 base package.
Technology Packages Technology packages contain software features within a consolidated package. The following is a list of technology packages: Note In Cisco Series Integrated Series Routers, although L2TPv2 sessions comes up without appxk9, you need the appxk9 license for the traffic to go through the sessions. Performance The performance feature, which allows for increased throughput, is enabled by the performance license. To exit global configuration mode, enter exit. You have to deregister and register back the device from the CSSM to execute the boost license command.
Device show running-config include throughput platform hardware throughput level boost Save the configuration and reload the device to enable Boost performance license. Boost Performance License in Smart License Mode This section describes the processes to activate and deactivate the Boost performance license from the device with two use-cases. Enable the boost performance license : Boot the device in Smart License mode.
Return of license : The device is in the smart license mode with boost performance command configured. Note The command is removed from the configuration, but the license is released only after the device is reloaded. The throughput level does not take effect until the device is reloaded.
The license visibility is available till the device is reloaded. The boost performance behavior is determined by the availability of the license in its Smart Account with Boost Performance activated in CSL: To configure the throughput level, perform the following steps and to upgrade the throughput level use the Configure the device with the platform hardware throughput level boost command and then use show running-config to check if the boost performance license is activated.
When boost performance is in use: Device platform hardware throughput level boost Device show license to ensure that Smart License and Boost performance licenses are enabled. Remove Smart License Device no license smart enable Check the availability of the boost performance license, you may decide to retain the boost command.
No extra reload is required. When boost performance is not in use : Use no platform hardware throughput level boost in the show running-configuration.
To remove Smart License, use no license smart enable Check the availability of the boost permanent license to add the boost keyword. Boost Performance is activated and is in-use after reload Note If there is no permanent license available, then no boost performance command and functionality is likely to change.
Device configuration terminal To remove Smart License, use no license smart enable Device no license smart enable Device exist To remove Smart License, reload the router. Device configure terminal Enter yes to accept the end-user license agreement. How to Install and Upgrade the Software To install or upgrade the software, use one of the following methods to use the software from a consolidated package or an individual package. Router config boot system flash bootflash:isruniversalk9.
Building configuration File reception completed. All rights reserved. The software code licensed under GPL Version 2. This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to United States and local country laws governing import, export, transfer and use.
Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not imply third-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption. Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible for compliance with U.
By using this product you agree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are unable to comply with U. A summary of U. Warning: the compile-time code checksum does not appear to be present. Although this specific attribute is not directly exposed to Profiler Conditions, it is factored into the operating-system-result attribute which is available for defining Profiler Conditions.
Each source is ranked based on its fidelity. The OS value from the source with highest rank is assigned to operating-system-result. Therefore, it is recommended to leverage this critical attribute for profiles based on client OS. Step 2 Select the Profiling Configuration tab. When URL redirection is the method used to capture User-Agent strings, the network access device must already be configured to support RADIUS-based authentication, so no additional steps are required to add or edit the network access device.
No additional interface configuration is required. Layer 2 and Layer 3 Security should be set to None Figure In summary, all of these services can be used to capture the User-Agent for endpoints with supported operating systems and browsers. In the above example, the Common Task labeled Web Redirection is selected with the specific redirect selected as Client Provisioning Posture.
This method has the added benefit of being able to forward only select traffic of interest to the ISE Policy Service node. Cisco Best Practice: When available, utilize intelligent tap systems that support scalable traffic mirroring with filters to only send the required traffic to the ISE probe.
More advanced tap systems will support high availability for mirrored traffic. Be sure to complete the guest flow. It is not sufficient to simply be redirected to a portal.
Figure 43 provides sample output of profiling based on URL redirection. This is sufficient to profile the endpoint as Apple-iPad. Be sure to complete the client provisioning flow. Figure 44 shows an example without any probes enabled to highlight the attributes collected using URL redirection with Client Provisioning.
The key attributes highlighted are similar to those in previous example with the exception of the EndPointSource, which is set to CP Client Provisioning. In summary, endpoints can be classified based on their operating system as determined by the User-Agent attribute. Device Sensor discussed later in this guide is the most efficient and can cover endpoints that may not be subject to URL Redirection.
In addition to having a known IP address, the use of reverse DNS lookups has a number of other requirements to function:. Otherwise, there will be no attribute added if the reverse lookup fails. If a standard hostname, domain name, or FQDN naming convention is deployed to specific endpoints, these attributes can be used to classify them.
For example, if all Windows 10 clients are assigned a name such as jsmith-win10 , the host-name attribute or client-fqdn attribute can be used in a condition to classify Windows 10 endpoints.
For example, the Authorization Policy can be used with profiling to deny full access privileges to employees where the host-name attribute of their PC as indicated by matching Endpoint Profile does not include expected values.
As this discussion suggests, it may be possible to collect the FQDN or its components using other probes. Therefore, the use of the DNS probe may not be necessary if the same information, or portions of the FQDN, is already available by other means.
While DHCP is beneficial for dynamically-addressed endpoints, it is common for organizations to have a significant population of statically-addressed endpoints. These static IP endpoints often serve a specific function and as such, will commonly have a static DNS entry hat follows a naming convention to simplify management and user access. Consequently, the DNS probe can be an invaluable source of classification for devices with static addressing. Figure 46 depicts a sample topology using the DNS probe.
There is no interface selection with the DNS probe as all probe queries are initiated by the ISE Policy Service node using the global routing table for reverse lookups to the locally configured DNS server s.
Step 3 Leave the default value for Timeout. This value specifies the number of seconds the PSN waits for a reverse lookup response. When the ISE appliance is initially installed, a required configuration step is to configure one or more domain name servers. Step 3 To save changes, exit global configuration mode and enter the command copy running-config startup-config.
These probes are also selected to compare similar data that can be collected using various probes. The ip attribute is important to emphasize the requirement of obtaining this attribute in order for the DNS probe to function. The host-name attribute is the simple hostname of the endpoint learned from the DHCP probe.
This example illustrates that different probe attributes may supply similar information. Ultimately, the policy administrator must choose which attributes are the most useful to profiling endpoints and which probes are can best acquire this information. A comparison of probe and profiling methods will be discussed later in this guide.
NetFlow provides information about traffic passing through or directly to each NetFlow-enabled router or switch. A flow is a unidirectional stream of packets between a given source and destination and is uniquely identified by a combination of the following key fields:. The ISE NetFlow probe is cable of receiving flow records from NetFlow Version 5 and Version 9-enabled devices to allow parsing of critical information for profiling purposes.
The sample topology in Figure 50 shows two different endpoints that have established traffic flows through a NetFlow-capable switch. As you can see from the topology, NetFlow must be enabled on routers or switches that are in the path of interesting traffic. For example, if traffic flows between segments within a remote branch must be collected, NetFlow deployed at a hub or central location will not offer the required visibility. Additionally, in order to collect specific traffic flows, that traffic must first be allowed on the network.
Therefore, if network access is dependent on a profile that relies on NetFlow data, you need to determine how to best limit access while still allowing traffic required to complete profiling.
Conversely, it can provide an indicator of anomalous behavior when specific endpoints appear to generate traffic that is not characteristic of that endpoint. For example, if an endpoint initially profiled as an IP phone began to suddenly start communicating to remote destinations on port as reflected by NetFlow attributes, this would represent an anomalous condition and potential spoofing exploit.
Focusing on the positive classification of endpoints, NetFlow is most useful in scenarios where Internet of Things IoT devices are used for mission-specific functions whereby the only information that uniquely classifies them is traffic-related. Examples of these types of devices include those used in manufacturing or healthcare industries.
For example, a patient monitor in a hospital may use an embedded Windows OS or hardened Linux kernel using standard hardware technology, but can run applications that communicate on very specific protocols, ports, and destinations. For these types of endpoints, NetFlow may be a feasible option. If not deployed with caution, NetFlow can have a negative impact on device resources depending on the platforms used, as well as on the NetFlow configuration and traffic volumes. NetFlow can also generate a high load on the ISE Policy Service nodes if large volumes of traffic are continuously sent from one or more sources.
Unlike other ISE probes, the NetFlow probe does not support attribute filters to optimize data collection and database efficiency. Version 9 supports Flexible NetFlow and numerous enhancements for filtering flow data collected and exported to the NetFlow probe.
Although sampled NetFlow can reduce overall traffic volume, sampling may not satisfy all profiling requirements because some scenarios may require that all flows be seen by the NetFlow probe. Restrict the use of NetFlow to scenarios where other probes are insufficient. The less granular the flow capture, the smaller the volume of flow data sent to ISE. NetFlow records are based on communications between source and destination IP addresses.
In other words, if the endpoint is not already known to ISE by its MAC address or if there is not an associated IP address, profiling data learned by the NetFlow probe will be discarded since there is no endpoint to which it can apply the learned flow attributes. Probes that can be used to provide this information include the following:. It should be noted that NetFlow Version 9 does support the option to include source and destination MAC addresses within the flow record, whereas version 5 does not.
However, these reported MAC addresses are that of the adjacent nodes in the path, typically Layer 3 routers and switches, not the MAC address of endpoints more than one hop away. Unless the end systems are directly connected to the NetFlow device, this functionality offers little value. To use the NetFlow probe, network devices that are inline with traffic flows of interest must be NetFlow-capable and support NetFlow Version 5 or Version 9.
Step 3 Select the Interface to be used for collecting NetFlow traffic. This should be a dedicated interface individual or bonded with a routable IP address Figure This value should be the same as that configured on the NetFlow export device. Access devices may also be capable of NetFlow but there is no specific requirement that other network devices capable of sending NetFlow to the NetFlow probe be configured as a network device in ISE.
The NetFlow probe should be configured on a dedicated interface to receive NetFlow traffic. Step 7 Physically connect the desired interface to the appropriate SPAN destination port or network tap interface. NetFlow configuration is specific to the NetFlow-capable device. This procedure includes an example configuration for a Catalyst Series switch.
This allows the NetFlow probe to apply attributes based on the matching IP attribute. The goal is to capture traffic from wired endpoints connecting through the Core Switch as well wireless endpoints connecting through the Wireless LAN Controller. Step 4 Login from the endpoint and attempt generate sample traffic such as attempting web access using a browser. The example in Figure 56 highlights the attributes collected using NetFlow export.
Cisco Best Practice: The attributes learned from the NetFlow probe are single valued and update the endpoint record with only the last values reported.
Therefore, it is not currently possible to create a condition based on the detection of multiple values. For example, a Profiler Condition may be based on a specific TCP destination port or inclusion in a range of TCP ports, and it is possible to have a Profiling Policy based on a logical OR of such conditions, but it is not possible to have a Profiling Policy that matches multiple ports at the same time a logical AND of protocols and ports. Furthermore, if the endpoint is profiled based on a matching protocol and port, and then different values are learned for the same endpoint, it is possible that the endpoint profile will continuously flap based on the last reported NetFlow export.
This will result in potentially a huge volume of replication traffic to synchronize the latest profile and likely result in a repeated disruption in service for the endpoint. To leverage the learned traffic behavior while avoiding potential profile flaps excessive replication and service disruptions , it is recommended that profiles based on NetFlow have an Exception Action defined. Profiler Exception Actions allow an endpoint to be statically assigned to a profile with optional CoA issued upon matching a profile and key condition, such as communication on a unique UDP or TCP port.
Once statically assigned, the profile will not change, even if different flow records are received for the endpoint. Similarly, a NetFlow condition with matching Exception Action could check for the presence of anomalous traffic behavior for example, a building automation device which unexpectedly communicates on a foreign port or to a foreign destination. In this scenario, the exception could be to statically assign the endpoint to a quarantine policy.
Exception Actions are discussed in greater detail later in this guide. Step 6 To verify that NetFlow data is being collected, you can use the show ip cache flow and the show mls netflow ip commands. The following example uses the show ip cache flow command:. Step 7 To verify the NetFlow export configuration and that flows are being sent to the ISE Policy Service node, use the show ip flow export command, as follows:.
The Network Scan probe is based on an embedded version of the open-source Network Mapper utility. Network Mapper NMAP is designed to scan large networks for connected endpoints, and then perform scans on individual hosts to detect their operating system OS , OS version, and services application names and versions.
This is an intensive operation. If so, an SNMP query is initiated to the endpoint using a configurable community string to collect additional information about the endpoint from the System MIB and others. This probe has proven especially useful in endpoints like network printers and cameras that support SNMP. When combined with an OUI-based condition for popular printer manufacturers, it is possible to identify many of the printers across the network. The list of common ports scanned is not configurable.
The Custom Ports Scan allows administrators to define specific ports to scan outside the list of predefined common ports. Administrators may choose to classify and secure endpoints differently based on services they run.
Conversely, a Windows or Linux workstation running a web server may need to be denied access or quarantined using similar authorization methods. When Service Version Information is included in a port scan, the Profiling Service will automatically include a scan for the ePO client. When scanning a large group of endpoints, it is common for many to be offline or significant number of IP addresses in a range to be inactive.
In such cases it is more efficient to validate that the endpoint is actually connected and reachable on the network before attempting a more in-depth network scan. If the endpoint responds, ISE continues with the specified scan actions. If the endpoint fails to respond to the ping, scanning of that IP is skipped.
There are cases when the selected IP range is known to be active, or mostly active, and the additional connectivity check actually increases the processing overhead. It is also possible that ICMP traffic is blocked from reaching endpoint while other network ports are open. In these situations, it may be desirable to disable the ping check. NMAP scan results can provide valuable attributes for endpoint profiling.
Unlike most other Profiler probes which are passive in nature by collecting telemetry from the network devices and other external sources, the NMAP probe interrogates the actual endpoint through port scans, crafted packets, or even initiate an SNMP query to the endpoint.
Such scanning could potentially disrupt services, especially IoT devices that run a rudimentary operating system. Although the role they play is critical, these systems may have limited protections and infrequent patches or updates to make them more resilient to scanning. If the risk to service availability is deemed more impactful than the potential benefits gained from the NMAP probe, scanning should be disabled for subnets where these critical but fragile systems are present.
The sample topology in Figure 57 depicts a Network Scan being initiated across the The Network Scan is an on-demand scan against one or multiple network endpoints based on IP subnet. It is manually started by an admin user through the ISE administrative interface.
The admin can define new scan options at the time of execution, save the new scan settings for reuse, or load a previously saved NMAP Scan Action. Figure 57 illustrates this concept shown in red. Since scans of large networks can be time consuming and add load to the Policy Service node, it is recommended that the scope of the subnet be selected carefully.
After initiating the scan, the admin user can click a link to navigate to a page where results are displayed. An Endpoint Scan is a triggered scan against a single endpoint.
It is automatically initiated based on a matching rule in the Profiling Policy. In order for the triggered scan to occur, the endpoint must match both the profile policy as well as the specified condition to which a Network Scan Action is assigned.
The Network Scan Action is configurable per profile rule and defines the specific scan operations to be taken. There are three predefined NMAP Actions which can be assigned as responses to matching profile rules:. The sample topology in Figure 57 depicts this process. A new endpoint is detected as a result of a recent probe event shown in blue. A policy rule is matched that triggers a pointed OS scan against the Apple device shown in green.
As a result, it is learned that the endpoint is running Apple iOS and its profile is updated to that of a mobile Apple device. This is not a configurable response. It is intended to allow ISE Profiling to quickly gain more information about any endpoint that is discovered but not profiled. Cisco Best Practice: During the discovery phase of an ISE deployment when ISE is not yet authenticating endpoints, the Network Scan can be run against larger network blocks to scan and detect endpoints along with any relevant OS and endpoint information.
This will allow discovery of endpoint MAC and IP addresses, including statically addressed endpoints. As just described, there are two methods to run the NMAP probe—either as a manual, on-demand Network Scan or as an automatically triggered scan event for a single endpoint.
Common configuration elements will be covered first and then procedures to use each scan method will be covered separately.
To see the current community strings, click Show. A window will display to reveal the current value s. In the example shown in Figure 58, the current settings are public , ciscoro , and ise-profiler. These values should match those configured on the endpoints. Click OK when finished reviewing the current settings. Step 4 Repeat the steps in this procedure for all other Policy Service nodes configured with Profiling Services.
The scan options selected in the last scan are enabled by default to simplify repeated operations of the same type. For example, to scan all endpoints on subnet Other subnet sizes can be selected, but consideration must be given to the scope of network and number of endpoints covered by the selection to reduce overall time and load to execute the scan. To load an existing scan action, it must have been previously defined and saved to the list of NMAP Scan Actions as verified in previous procedure.
Figure 63 shows an example of loading a previously-defined Scan Action. Step 5 If an existing scan is loaded, proceed to Step 7. Otherwise, continue with the selection one or more scan options:. Such a scan could be triggered against specific clients and detect if they may be violating company policy, or simply allowing remote control from external systems. By expanding the View Common Ports link, you will see the list of common ports for reference.
It is not permissible to add a port from the common list as a custom port. Choose Common Ports if require scanning of ports in that list. Step 7 Click Run Scan. The display changes to indicate that a manual scan is in progress Figure The scan will continue until completion, even if navigate away from the page. To run another scan prior to completion of active scan, click Cancel Scan.
Step 8 Select Click to see scan results. Depending on the progress of the scan, endpoints with positive scan results will appear on the RHS pane only if included in last completed scan, one or more attributes are added or changed, and its IP address can be correlated to endpoint in ISE database based on its MAC address Figure Larger subnets and numerous scan options will contribute to the total scanning time.
All NMAP scan operations were enabled for this example. The selected endpoint is a Windows 10 Workstation. The key attributes highlighted in red include:. As you can see from the output of the manual Network Scan, NMAP has detected multiple attributes that contributed to the endpoint classification.
The -tcp and -udp entries show the Common Ports that are open client listening for service on the endpoint. Most of the port scan entries have the default service name, but others have an extended description or version information. These expanded values are the result of enabling the option to fetch of Service Version Information.
The final port entry tcp is the result of the Custom Port scan for the default ePO agent port. Again, as a result of Service Version Information, an additional scan for the presence of ePolicy Orchestrator agent was run and resulted in the extended value Network Associates ePolicy Orchestrator. If the port is open but ePO agent not running or discarding remote requests from the foreign PSN node, the value would likely be a more generic value such as tcpwrapper or blackice-icecap.
While often useful, the result is a best estimate and not always reliable as seen in this particular example. The default Cisco Provided entries cannot be modified, but new entries can be added. These newly added entries are flagged as Administrator Created as shown in Figure The intent of this procedure is to review how Network Scan Actions can be applied to a profile based on matching conditions.
Profiling Policy configuration will be discussed in greater detail in the section Configuring Profiling Policies. Cisco Best Practice: To quickly find specific Profiling Policies, navigate the structured list in the LHS pane using the optional search bar to filter by policy name, or else use the Quick Filter at top right corner in RHS pane to search based on profile name, status, type, or description.
More complex filters can be defined using the Advanced Filter and saved for future use. Step 2 The Apple-Device profile has multiple rule entries. The corresponding rule entry is used to match Apple endpoints to this profile by increasing its certainty factor CF. The corresponding rule is used to trigger an endpoint scan. Both rules match on the same condition. In this example, two separate conditions with identical contents were used, but the same condition could also be used to achieve the same result.
Individual rule entries can be added or removed by clicking the gear icon to the right of the existing rule table.
Step 4 When you finish reviewing or making changes, click Save at the bottom of the page to commit changes. These additional probes are used to discover new endpoints and to add them to the Internal Endpoints database along with appropriate MAC address and IP address information. This will help to ensure NMAP probe data is properly applied and not discarded. Step 5 The truncated output shows that an initial scan has been run against this endpoint NmapScanCount , but the profile assignment of Apple-Device is still based on the OUI alone.
The scan is triggered based on the matching OUI condition for Apple. Step 6 After a brief period, the OS scan should complete. Refresh the attributes for the endpoint to review any updated profiling attributes Figure In this example, it is apparent that the NMAP scan completed.
This is possible, as the value will constantly change as different sources supply profiling data. In this example, it matched on Apple iOS. If NMAP data does not appear, or not all of the expected attributes appear, then be sure to verify the following:.
In summary, the NMAP probe can be useful in classifying endpoints based on their operating system, as determined by the Operating System scan. Other devices can be classified based on their open ports or running services, and policy may govern that certain devices running specific services should be granted more or less restrictive permissions.
Independent of authorization policy assignments, each probe offers an additional level of visibility that can be invaluable to the operational and security management of the entire network.
While the primary target for this probe is Windows clients, other client systems including Mac OS can be integrated into Microsoft AD and leverage this probe. The AD probe retrieves this information directly using the AD Runtime connector to provide a highly reliable source of client OS information. The AD probe can also help distinguish between corporate and non-corporate assets.
A basic but important attribute available to the AD probe is whether an endpoint exists in AD. This information can be used to classify an endpoint contained in the AD as a managed device or corporate asset.
The lookup to AD is based on the computer name of the endpoint. Therefore, ISE must first learn the hostname of the endpoint before it can check for the presence of the endpoint in AD and fetch its attributes. Reduce risks of errors due to manual tasks, save time, and provide secure access to information anytime, anywhere. Redefine the way you handle physical and electronic data capture with our Capture and Content Services.
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